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Turnbull China Bikeride
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Turnbull China Bikeride - Disc 2.iso
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1987-11-21
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Chapter 1 - Getting Started
WHAT IS AN IDENTIFIER?
Before you can do anything in any language, you must at
least know how to name an identifier. An identifier is used
for any variable, function, data definition, etc. In the
programming language C, an identifier is a combination of
alphanumeric characters, the first being a letter of the
alphabet or an underline, and the remaining being any letter
of the alphabet, any numeric digit, or the underline. In
the case of some compilers, a dollar sign is permitted but
not as the first character of an identifier. It should be
pointed out that even though a dollar sign may be permitted
by your C compiler, it is not used anywhere in this tutorial
since it is not in general use by C programmers, and is not
even allowed by most compilers. If you do not plan to write
any portable code, you can use it at will if you feel it
makes your code more readable.
Two rules must be kept in mind when naming identifiers.
1. The case of alphabetic characters is significant.
Using "INDEX" for a variable is not the same as using
"index" and neither of them is the same as using
"InDeX" for a variable. All three refer to different
variables.
2. As C is defined, up to 32 significant characters can be
used and will be considered significant by most
compilers. If more than 32 are used, they will be
ignored by the compiler.
WHAT ABOUT THE UNDERLINE?
Even though the underline can be used as part of a
variable name, and adds greatly to the readability of the
resulting code, it seems to be used very little by
experienced C programmers. It adds greatly to the
readability of a program to use descriptive names for
variables and it would be to your advantage to do so.
Pascal programmers tend to use long descriptive names, but
most C programmers tend to use short cryptic names. Most of
the example programs in this tutorial use very short names
for that reason.
Any computer program has two entities to consider, the
data, and the program. They are highly dependent on one
another and careful planning of both will lead to a well
planned and well written program. Unfortunately, it is not
possible to study either completely without a good working
knowledge of the other. For this reason, this tutorial will
jump back and forth between teaching methods of program
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Chapter 1 - Getting Started
writing and methods of data definition. Simply follow
along and you will have a good understanding of both. Keep
in mind that, even though it seems expedient to sometimes
jump right into the program coding, time spent planning the
data structures will be well spent and the final program
will reflect the original planning.
HOW THIS TUTORIAL IS WRITTEN
As you go through the example programs, you will find
that every program is complete. There are no program
fragments that could be confusing. This allows you to see
every requirement that is needed to use any of the features
of C as they are presented. Some tutorials I have seen give
very few, and very complex examples. They really serve more
to confuse the student. This tutorial is the complete
opposite because it strives to cover each new aspect of
programming in as simple a context as possible. This
method, however, leads to a lack of knowledge in how the
various parts are combined. For that reason, the last
chapter is devoted entirely to using the features taught in
the earlier chapters. It will illustrate how to put the
various features together to create a usable program. They
are given for your study, and are not completely explained.
Enough details of their operation are given to allow you to
understand how they work after you have completed all of the
previous lessons.
At this point, you should load and run FIRSTEX.C if you
have not yet done so, to see that your C compiler is
properly loaded and operating. If you have any problems,
the COMPILER.DOC file may have help for your compiler. Even
if it doesn't have help for your particular compiler, the
notes on another compiler may be helpful for yours since C
compilers tend to have many things in common.
A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FILES
CCL.BAT
This file, which does not exist on the distribution
disk, is the batch file that calls in an editor, then the
compiler (pass 1 and pass 2, if it exists), and finally runs
the resulting compiled program. There are several examples
of batch files which can be used with various compilers
given in the "COMPILER.DOC" file on the distribution
diskette. It is up to you to type in a batch file for use
with your particular compiler, considering also the method
required to call in your editor. To use it, simply type the
batchfile name with the desired filename. After typing in
your particular CCL.BAT file, try it by typing CCL FIRSTEX.
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Chapter 1 - Getting Started
You will get the sourcefile displayed on the monitor by your
editor. If you don't have one of the compilers listed in
the "COMPILER.DOC" file, you will have to modify the batch
file to accomodate your compiler. Note that if you are
using Turbo C, you can use the Integrated Environment and
you will not need a batch file. The same is true if you are
using Microsoft Quick-C, it has its own built in operating
environment so you will not need a batchfile.
If you have a hard disk available, it will be up to you
to modify the batch file to use the hard disk. Note that
most of the batch files have statements to erase the object
files and executable files after use to prevent the disk
from filling up with unecessary files after a program has
served its purpose.
Even though you will have a lot of files to compile and
run, you will find that a suitable batch file will help you
to get through the steps quickly and with little typing.
LIST.EXE
This file will list the source files for you with line
numbers and filename. To use it, simply type "LIST"
followed by the appropriate filename. Type LIST FIRSTEX.C
now for an example. The C source code is given later in
Chapter 14 along with a brief description of its operation.
After you have completed your study of C, you will have the
ability to read and understand the source code for this
program.
PRINTALL.BAT
This is a batch file that will call the above LIST.EXE
file once for each of the example C programs, printing all
of the files out. If you want a hardcopy of all of the
files, enter PRINTALL and watch as your printer fills about
150 sheets of paper with C programs.
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